EIP-TBA: Increasing Transaction Gas Limit with a New Fee Calculation Rule

EIPs EIPs core
1

Note: Have not created PR yet, as it is advised to get recommendations.
Requirements
EIP-1559, EIP-2718, EIP-3529, EIP-7702, EIP-7825
Simple Summary
Allows transactions to specify gas limits larger than the maximum uint24 value.
Abstract
Introduces a new fee calculation rule for large-sized transactions. The scope of application is restricted to specific transaction formats.
Motivation
EIP-7825 introduced a rigid hard cap on gas at 16,777,216 (2²⁴). This limitation prevents the construction of meta-transactions and the deployment of large-sized contracts. By introducing a softer fee calculation rule, we avoid future development barriers while still effectively mitigating DoS attacks.
Specification
Parameters

Parameters Value
COMPRESSION_RATIO 2
THRESHOLD_GAS_LIMIT 45,000,000
BLOCK_GAS_LIMIT 60,000,000
GAS_USED unset
GAS_USED_IN_TX unset
GAS_LIMIT unset
EXECUTION_GAS_LIMIT unset
GLOBAL_REFUND_GAS unset

Validation Rules
For EIP-2718 transaction formats with TransactionType equal to 0x02 and 0x04, if GAS_LIMIT is a uint32, the effective EXECUTION_GAS_LIMIT is determined as follows, where / denotes integer division rounded down:

if GAS_LIMIT <= THRESHOLD_GAS_LIMIT:
    EXECUTION_GAS_LIMIT = GAS_LIMIT
else:
    EXECUTION_GAS_LIMIT = THRESHOLD_GAS_LIMIT + (GAS_LIMIT - THRESHOLD_GAS_LIMIT) / COMPRESSION_RATIO

A transaction is considered invalid if GAS_LIMIT > BLOCK_GAS_LIMIT.
Execution follows EIP-1559 and EIP-7702, except gas accounting uses EXECUTION_GAS_LIMIT, and GAS_USED is computed as follows:

if GLOBAL_REFUND_GAS <= GAS_USED_IN_TX / 5:
    GAS_USED = GAS_LIMIT - GLOBAL_REFUND_GAS
else:
    GAS_USED = GAS_LIMIT - GAS_USED_IN_TX / 5

Rationale
Gas Used Equals the Specified Gas Limit
This fee model is inspired by Monad’s gas accounting approach, where the entire specified gas limit is consumed. This design mitigates DoS attacks that exploit extremely high gas limits with very low actual execution costs. It allows large transactions to be included in blocks while still pricing them appropriately based on the risk they introduce.
Reasonable Scope of Application
This EIP limits its application to type 2 and type 4 transaction formats, as the author believes these formats have the highest demand for large gas usage, while also encouraging reduced reliance on legacy formats. In the future, this rule may be extended to other formats based on real-world usage patterns.
Explanation of Tuning Parameters
The COMPRESSION_RATIO parameter increases the effective cost of gas above the defined threshold, compensating for the risk of excessive block space occupation. Gas refunds remain permitted because they return gas that was previously overcharged. Furthermore, EIP-3529 caps refunds at no more than 20% of the gas used, so this design does not introduce new attack vectors beyond those already known.
Backwards Compatibility
This EIP requires a hard fork, as it introduces changes to the gas fee calculation rules.
Security Considerations
Reasonable Gas Limit Specification
Because gas usage is derived from the specified gas limit, wallet interfaces must exercise extreme caution when suggesting gas limits exceeding those defined in EIP-7825.
Parameter Tuning and Client Improvements
In the short term, the parameters of this EIP can be adjusted to better reflect real-world conditions. In the long term, clients must be improved to handle heavier workloads resulting from transactions with very large gas limits.
Test Cases
The following is a list of gas usage values for transactions based on their specified gas limits:

GAS_LIMIT GLOBAL_REFUND_GAS GAS_USED_IN_TX EXECUTION_GAS_LIMIT GAS_USED
1,500,000 0 1,000,000 0 1,000,000
2,000,000 0 2,000,000 0 2,000,000
4,000,000 300,000 2,000,000 0 1,700,000
5,000,000 1,200,000 4,000,000 0 3,200,000
18,000,000 0 18,000,000 18,000,000 18,000,000
20,000,000 0 4,000,000 20,000,000 20,000,000
24,000,000 2,000,000 23,000,000 24,000,000 22,000,000
30,000,000 10,000,000 25,000,000 30,000,000 25,000,000
48,000,000 0 40,000,000 46,500,000 48,000,000
54,000,000 9,000,000 48,000,000 49,500,000 45,000,000
60,000,000 30,000,000 50,000,000 52,500,000 50,000,000
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